连续流双室微生物燃料电池处理工业废水

以实际中药废水作为阳极基质、实际含镉废水作为阴极电解液,构建了连续流双室微生物燃料电池(MFC),考察了其产电性能及对两种废水的处理效果。78 d的运行数据表明:系统可实现最大输出电压417mV、最大体积功率密度11.8 W/m3,最大体积功率密度运行条件下的库伦效率为18.5%;在阳极进水有机物浓度变化较大的情况下,实现了阳极对中药废水中有机物的有效去除,平均COD去除率为81.5%;阴极对含镉废水中Cd2+的去除率为79.4%～84.8%。这表明MFC同步处理中药废水及重金属废水具有一定的可行性。     

Mitochondrial toxicity and in vitro biological effects of ambient PM2.5 from an urban site in China

Abstract

The roles of PM_2.5-induced mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress on mast cell degranulation were examined in vitro. Mast cells were treated with suspensions of PM_2.5 in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium at concentrations from 25 to 200?mg/L in the absence or presence of 10?mmol/L N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Biological effects and mitochondrial function were assessed by determining cell viability, β-hexosaminidase release, interleukin-4 secretion, reactive oxygen species generation, adenosine triphosphate production, potential alteration of mitochondrial membrane, and activities of mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes I and III. Exposure of mast cells to PM_2.5 induced reduction of adenosine triphosphate production, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, and inhibition of the activity of complex III. Co-treatment of mast cells exposed to PM_2.5 with N-acetyl-L-cysteine attenuated cytotoxicity and the production of reactive oxygen species, and decreased the release of β-hexosaminidase and interleukin-4. Evidently, PM_2.5-induced oxidative stress plays an essential role in mitochondrial toxicity and mast cell activation.     

微生物燃料电池的专利技术综述

检索了微生物燃料电池在中国的发明专利文献,综述了微生物燃料电池在废水处理中的应用及与现有技术中其他水处理技术耦合的专利进展,并对其实际应用的前景进行了展望。     

水处理中微生物絮凝剂产生菌的选育及应用

综述了微生物絮凝剂产生菌筛选和培育方面的研究进展,介绍了微生物絮凝剂在给水和饮用水、乳化液的油水分离、污水处理等领域的应用,以及廉价培养基的探索实践。提出针对影响微生物絮凝剂产生菌生长代谢的环境条件开展深入研究,同时寻找或设计廉价培养基,降低生产成本,推动其工业化应用。     

Characteristics of stable biodiesel emulsion fuel with the aid of lipophilic surfactant,polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR)

ABSTRACT

Biodiesel emulsion fuel is reported as one of the most feasible options capable of generating lower NOx emission than that from fossil fuels. However, oil and water in the emulsion fuel are easily separated and unstable. The aim of the present study is to consider the production and stability of biodiesel emulsion fuel by using tetraglycerin ester (CR-310), i.e., one of lipophilic surfactant, polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) and biodiesel, i.e., Waste cooking Oil Methyl Ester (WOME) produced based on waste cooking oil. The corresponding heat rate, water content, and viscosity are measured. Emphasis is placed on the effects of water content and surfactant on biodiesel emulsions. It is found that: (i) stable emulsion fuel is obtained by adding at least 2.0% of CR-310 and is maintained over 1 month, (ii) there is no effect of water content on stable emulsion fuel if CR-310 is used over 2.0%, and (iii) the viscosity of emulsion fuels is higher than that of the biodiesel fuel and is gradually increased with an increase in the water content.     

大气14CO2的时空分异特征及其在化石源CO2示踪中的应用

大气CO₂中放射性碳同位素(¹⁴C)的水平可以反映化石源CO₂的影响程度,这对于评估我国目前化石源CO₂的排放状况和制定节能减排政策具有重要的指导意义。本文在概述大气¹⁴CO₂采样和分析方法的基础上,简要介绍了大气¹⁴CO₂观测的起源和主要的源汇过程,重点论述了大气¹⁴CO₂的时空分异特征及其驱动因素;阐述了化石源CO₂浓度的估算方法及¹⁴CO₂在国内外化石源CO₂示踪中的应用现状,并对大气¹⁴CO₂观测在我国化石源CO₂示踪中的应用前景进行了展望;旨在为我国正确地开展大气¹⁴CO₂的观测研究,深刻地理解特定区域大气¹⁴CO₂的时空分异特征和化石源CO₂的分布状况提供参考。     

车用燃料环保管理——《2013年中国机动车污染防治年报》（第V部分）

环境保护部日前发布《2013年中国机动车污染防治年报》,公布了2012年全国机动车污染排放状况。本期“研究成果展示”专栏以六篇形式连载。本文刊载关于车用燃料环保管理的内容,以飨读者。该年报指出。2012年,全国实施车用汽油国Ⅲ阶段标准,硫含量不超过150ppm。按照国家强制性标准《车用汽油》（GB17930—2011）要求,自2014年1月1日起,全国实施车用汽油国IV阶段标准,硫含量不超过50ppm。2012年,我国车用柴油生产和销售执行《车用柴油》（GB19147—2009）标准和《普通柴油》（GB252—2011）标准。按照规定,车用柴油硫含量不得超过350ppm,2013年7月1日后普通柴油硫含量将不得超过350ppm。在已发布第四阶段车用汽油标准（硫含量不大于50ppm）的基础上,由国家质检总局、国家标准委尽快发布第四阶段车用柴油标准（硫含量不大于50ppm）,过渡期至2014年底;2013年6月底前发布第五阶段车用柴油标准（硫含量不大于10ppm）,2013年底前发布第五阶段车用汽油标准（硫含量不大于10ppm）,过渡期均至2017年底。加快国内炼油企业升级改造,确保按照汽、柴油标准升级实施时间如期供应合格油品。2012年环境保护部发布的《关于加强储油库、加油站和油罐车油气污染治理工作的通知》指出,按照国务院批复的《重点区域大气污染防治“十二五”规划》要求,列入大气污染防治“重点控制区”的地区,应限时完成加油站、储油库、油罐车的油气回收治理;大气污染严重的地区可根据本地实际,提前完成油气污染治理工作。     

南京市黑臭河流水体中细菌多样性的研究

以南京市城南河为研究对象,分别提取上中下游的水体样本,分析水质中的氮、磷、COD等水质指标,并利用变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(DGGE)分析了城南河不同位置的细菌多样性。结果表明:城南河水体中的平均总氮为30.06 mg/L,总磷为6.14 mg/L,COD为42.03 mg/L,均超过国家V类水质标准。结合外观,城南河属于严重污染的典型黑臭河流。DGGE分析的结果表明:城南河具有较高的细菌多样性,优势菌群主要是变形菌门和拟杆菌门2大类群,且不同取样点细菌种类差别不大。     

Pd/activated carbon sorbents for mid-temperature capture of mercury from coal-derived fuel gas

Higher concentrations of Hg can be emitted from coal pyrolysis or gasification than from coal combustion, especially elemental Hg. Highly efficient Hg removal technology from coal-derived fuel gas is thus of great importance. Based on the very excellent Hg removal ability of Pd and the high adsorption abilities of activated carbon（AC） for H2 S and Hg, a series of Pd/AC sorbents was prepared by using pore volume impregnation, and their performance in capturing Hg and H2 S from coal-derived fuel gas was investigated using a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor. The effects of loading amount, reaction temperature and reaction atmosphere on Hg removal from coal-derived fuel gas were studied. The sorbents were characterized by N2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction（XRD） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）. The results indicated that the efficiency of Hg removal increased with the increasing of Pd loading amount, but the effective utilization rate of the active component Pd decreased significantly at the same time. High temperature had a negative influence on the Hg removal. The efficiency of Hg removal in the N2-H2S-H2-CO-Hg atmosphere（simulated coal gas） was higher than that in N2-H2S-Hg and N2-Hg atmospheres, which showed that H2 and CO, with their reducing capacity, could benefit promote the removal of Hg. The XPS results suggested that there were two different ways of capturing Hg over sorbents in N2-H2S-Hg and N2-Hg atmospheres.     

木质生物燃料与其半焦的混燃实验研究

生物质半焦作为生物质气化的副产物,其固定碳含量和热值均高于原生物质.若将生物质半焦充分利用将大幅提高生物质利用的能量效率,具有很大的经济和环境效益.在综合热分析基础上,考察了生物质半焦添加比例(掺烧比)对生物质微米燃料旋风炉燃烧炉膛温度、烟气及灰分的影响.试验研究发现掺烧比为20%(空气当量比为1.2,粉体粒径在0.177 mm以下,生物质含水率控制在8.1%以下),燃烧效果最好,燃烧效率高达98%,燃烧烟气中有害气体NOx和SO2的含量较少.